France, in three languagesFrançais · English · Türkçe
A guide to FranceTravel, culture and everyday life
FRA9
Save FRA9
Keep the guide close at hand

iPhone / iPad: in Safari, open Share, then Add to Home Screen.

Android: open the browser menu, then Add to Home screen or Install if offered.

Optional; no account or notification permission. Tap the button again to close.

INVEST · BUILD · TRADE

Economy & business

The French economy, leading sectors, company building, property and international trade in plain language.105 guides to explore
Meeting room beside large office windows
FRA9 · The French economy

A USEFUL STARTING POINT

Find the guide you need first

Choose the dossier that answers your next question. Background and the complete directory are just below.

Halle Freyssinet / Station F in Paris, November 2018; enterprise context, not the business-registration desk
Halle Freyssinet / Station F in Paris, November 2018; enterprise context, not the business-registration desk
02

Start a business

From idea to registration, make the right decisions in sequence.

Read the guide

UNDERSTAND BEFORE YOU CHOOSE

Understand the economy before acting

A national indicator, a sector's results and a company's budget describe different things.

Compare the right measures

For statistics, identify the period, unit, geography and possible revisions. Separate price levels from inflation, turnover from profit and a stock from its change. A stock-market index is not a complete measure of every business or household living standards. Read the underlying definition before interpreting movement.

From overview to business plan

For a business or trade project, begin with customer demand, costs and cash flow. Then verify the rules, tax and procedures for the actual activity. Sector guides offer questions and sources, not individual investment advice or a return guarantee.

Read the measures before the commentary

Goods spending is not all consumption; a balance of electricity trade is not gross generation. Keep the unit, geography and period beside the result. Where a series is revised, compare the two vintages explicitly. A national movement does not automatically describe a household budget or a contract price.

Starting up: from the actual activity to the official file

The business-starting guide begins with the actual activity and its constraints before comparing an individual business, a company and tax regimes. It then separates file preparation, submission at the single window and examination by authorities. This complements economic indicators: a national trend does not validate customer demand or a company’s cash position. Budget for operations after registration and obtain project-specific advice; the public guide is not individual legal advice.

FRA9 · PORTAL SELECTION

01—09
Meeting room beside large office windows
01 · Economy & expertise

The French economy

Strengths, pressures and key sectors without unreadable charts.

Read →
Halle Freyssinet / Station F in Paris, November 2018; enterprise context, not the business-registration desk
02 · Business & work

Starting a company in France

From idea to registration, make the right decisions in sequence.

Read →
Trade with France: imports, exports and customs
03 · Import, export & customs

Trade with France: imports, exports and customs

Products, buyers, documents, tariffs, VAT, compliance and investment support.

Read →
French AI funding application: budget, evidence and timeline
04 · Business & work

French AI funding application: budget, evidence and timeline

Turn an AI product into a fundable application: customer problem, technical risk, data, milestones, costs, co-funding and compliance.

Read →
Colleagues meeting around an office table
05 · Business & work

Salaries and minimum wage in France in 2026

2026 minimum wage, average and median pay, gross-to-net conversion, collective agreements and job-offer checks.

Read →
Working in France as a foreign national: permits, visas and jobs
06 · Business & work

Working in France as a foreign national: permits, visas and jobs

A complete route connecting a genuine offer, employer work authorisation, visa, contract, pay, qualifications and arrival in France.

Read →
The French labour market in 2026
07 · Business & work

The French labour market in 2026

Unemployment, recruitment projects, sectors, regions and a method for assessing an offer without confusing intention, vacancy and hire.

Read →
French industry: sectors, sites and support
08 · Economy & expertise

French industry: sectors, sites and support

Sectors, regions, sites, permits, skills, finance and decarbonisation explained with official sources.

Read →
Aerospace in France
09 · Economy & expertise

Aerospace in France

Production, supply chains, space, certification and careers with the latest official benchmarks.

Read →

FRA9 · INDEX

All guides

10

French economy: the August 2026 dashboard

Inflation, growth, jobs and consumption: what the latest figures actually say. · ↗
11

Electricity: France posts a new export record

Net exports reached 51 TWh in the first half: the forces and limits behind the record. · ↗
12

Paris Motor Show 2026: public visiting days

Public visits run from 13–18 October at Paris Expo Porte de Versailles. The 12 October opening is for accredited press. · ↗
13

Prix Goncourt 2026: original list, withdrawal and key dates

The original 16-book announcement remains as a historical record, with the Académie’s 25 September withdrawal noted. The 6 October checkpoint has passed; the next calendar dates are 27 October and 3 November. · ↗
14

France CAF payment in September 2026: date, bank delay and checks

CAF sends banks the payment for August entitlements on Friday 4 September. Depending on the institution, the credit may appear up to three working days later. · ↗
15

OUIGO flash sale: 200,000 tickets capped at €19 on 2–3 September

OUIGO has opened a two-day flash sale for 200,000 one-way tickets capped at €19 including tax on 2–3 September 2026. The allocation covers eligible services in France and Belgium for travel from 8 September through 12 December inclusive, subject to availability. · ↗
16

France school bursaries 2026–27: amounts, application and deadline

France’s national application window opened on 1 September 2026. Families that did not choose automatic assessment can apply for a collège or lycée bursary through 15 October inclusive; CNED pupils have until 31 October. · ↗
17

France e-invoicing 2026: duties, platforms and implementation dates

France’s e-invoicing rollout began on 1 September 2026. Every business established in France must be able to receive the new flows, while large companies and intermediate-sized businesses must also issue them. More than four million businesses had designated a receiving address at launch. · ↗
18

French public debt: €3.536tn, the 10-year rate and the next key dates

Agence France Trésor published a 4.19% TEC 10 reference rate for 1 September 2026, while the latest Insee measure puts public debt at €3,536.1bn, or 117.5% of GDP, at the end of March. The two figures measure different things: one is a daily market reference and the other a consolidated quarterly debt stock. · ↗
19

France launches new CEE support for used electric cars

Since 1 September 2026, buying or taking a long-term lease on a used electric car may qualify for support funded through France’s energy-saving certificates. There is no income test, but both the vehicle and transaction must meet precise conditions. · ↗
20

France’s ultra-fast-fashion levy takes effect on 1 September

France has applied a levy to ultra-fast-fashion products since 1 September 2026, following publication of the implementing order in the Official Journal on 28 August. · ↗
21

Édouard Balladur dies at 97: from İzmir to Matignon, a Fifth Republic career

The former prime minister died in Paris on 31 August 2026. Born in Smyrna, now İzmir, he led the French government from 1993 to 1995 during the second cohabitation. · ↗
22

New euro banknotes: ten designs and voting until 21 September

The European Central Bank is putting ten design proposals to the public under two themes: European culture, and rivers and birds. · ↗
23

France’s 2026 school year opens with 161,000 fewer pupils

The 1 September return covers 11.6 million pupils and 1.2 million staff across more than 55,000 sites, with pupil numbers down by 161,000 in one year. · ↗
24

France’s 2026 back-to-school allowance: amounts and dates

The allowance ranges from €426.87 to €466.02 by age; mainland payments were made on 18 August. · ↗
25

French tax-system breach: what users should watch

The CNIL’s 18 August notice confirmed DGFiP breach notifications. September’s follow-up states that impots.gouv.fr and users’ personal and professional spaces were not compromised. · ↗
26

Agentic AI: France’s privacy regulator maps the risks

The CNIL and France’s AI and Digital Council examine systems able to act on a user’s behalf. · ↗
27

Open AI models: CNIL updates its traceability tool

The 26 August update helps publishers document data, versions, risks and responsibilities for open models. · ↗
28

Automated decisions: a record fine renews the debate

A European fine of nearly €825 million against Uber puts explainability of algorithmic decisions back at centre stage. · ↗
29

French GDP was flat in the second quarter of 2026

INSEE confirms flat GDP after a 0.2% first-quarter fall; purchasing power per consumption unit declined 0.6%. · ↗
30

French inflation reached 2.4% in August 2026

INSEE’s preliminary estimate puts consumer inflation at 2.4% and the EU-harmonised measure at 2.7%. · ↗
31

French household goods spending rose 0.5% in July

July’s rise offsets some spring weakness without removing pressure on household budgets. · ↗
32

French industrial producer prices rose 1.3% in July

Industrial producer prices accelerated over one month and stood 4.3% above a year earlier. · ↗
33

French farm-gate prices edge higher again

INSEE reports a modest rebound in farm-gate prices, with wide differences across products and regions. · ↗
34

Paris Fashion Week runs from 28 September to 6 October

Spring/Summer 2027 womenswear brings together shows, presentations and digital streams across nine days. · ↗
35

Hermès and Chanel anchor the Paris Fashion Week calendar

Hermès shows on 3 October; Chanel headlines 5 October with a show film scheduled online. · ↗
36

Chanel Fall/Winter 2026 balances simplicity and iridescence

The collection presents a dialogue between Gabrielle Chanel’s legacy and Matthieu Blazy’s creative direction. · ↗
37

Louis Vuitton launches a new beauty universe

La Beauté Louis Vuitton, led by Pat McGrath, is available from 29 August in selected stores and online. · ↗
38

Hermès posted €4.1bn in first-quarter sales

The group reports 6% growth at constant exchange rates in the first quarter of 2026. · ↗
39

SPHERE puts emerging houses inside Paris Fashion Week

The FHCM-backed showroom gives emerging labels a commercial platform alongside the runway calendar. · ↗
40

France’s new professional-sport law changes governance

The law adopted in July revises governance, financial oversight and organisation in professional sport. · ↗
41

France and Saudi Arabia put defence, energy and AI on one agenda

The 25 August declaration broadens cooperation into investment, transport, health, tourism and culture. · ↗
42

AI funding in France: grants, funds and accelerators

A decision guide for choosing grants, advances, loans, investment, university transfer and incubation by AI project stage.↗
43

EIC STEP Scale Up 2026: €10–30m for European deeptech scale-ups

French AI and strategic-technology scale-ups can seek €10–30m in EIC equity; the next 2026 proposal batching dates are 9 September and 25 November. · ↗
44

France’s Osez l’IA 2026: SME diagnosis, cost and support

The programme is moving from awareness to deployment: who can request a Diag Data IA, what it costs, what it delivers and what it does not fund. · ↗
45

Cannes Yachting Festival 2026: boats, tickets and visitor guide

Old Port, Port Canto, more than 710 boats and six show days: hours, zones, tickets and the journey to plan. · ↗
46

Mutual termination and unemployment benefits in France in 2026

The new ARE duration after mutual termination, eligibility, calculation, waiting periods and France Travail registration. · ↗
47

Luxury and fashion

Why French luxury combines creativity, industry and global image.↗
48

Start-ups and technology

A changing ecosystem from Paris to regional hubs.↗
49

Investing in France: incentives and setup

Tax incentives, finance, regions and filing order for a foreign investment project.↗
50

Buying property in France

The French buying process from search to keys.↗
51

France–Türkiye trade: products, A.TR and customs

Products traded, the 2025 record, Customs Union, documents and market entry.↗
52

Business regions

Choose a location by talent, customers, costs and ecosystems.↗
53

French business culture

Decode professional norms without reducing France to clichés.↗
54

French automotive industry

Manufacturers, suppliers and the transition to electric mobility.↗
55

Energy in France

Understand the electricity model, its strengths and transitions.↗
56

Agriculture and food industry

From farms and vineyards to major food brands.↗
57

France’s tourism economy

How visitors, seasonality and regions shape the economy.↗
58

French fintech

Ecosystem, business models and regulatory constraints.↗
59

Biotech and health in France

Public research, startups and industrialising health innovation.↗
60

Regional business support

Use support schemes as a complement to a sound location decision.↗
61

Public procurement in France

Find notices, prepare bids and understand obligations.↗
62

French agriculture: regions, labels, farming and CAP

Regional production, land, quality schemes, organic farming, water, starting a farm and CAP deadlines explained with official sources.↗
63

French trade shows: 2026–2027 calendar and planning guide

Confirmed dates, trade access, budget, visa, stand and customs planning for the next events.↗
64

France–Saudi Arabia: what the new agreements cover

Defence, energy, AI, culture and investment anchor the 25 August declaration. · ↗
65

What changes in France in September 2026

Pensions, unemployment, sick leave, e-invoicing, renovation, gas, medicines and schools: the practical 1 September briefing. · ↗
66

Buying French property as a foreigner

Who can buy, how the sale works and what the notaire checks for a non-resident buyer.↗
67

Does buying property grant residence?

The short answer is no: ownership and immigration status are separate legal systems.↗
68

Property purchase documents and steps

From offer to completion: identity, finance, surveys, co-ownership papers and source of funds.↗
69

Where to invest in France

Compare micro-location, tenant demand, works, tax and rent rules instead of following simplistic rankings.↗
70

Renovating in France: permits and approvals

Façades, windows, structure, use, co-ownership and protected areas: know which approval comes first.↗
71

Buying an old or listed French home

Historic charm requires checks on protection, structure, energy, easements and the true renovation cost.↗
72

Bedbugs, cockroaches, mice and rats in French homes

How to inspect before buying or renting, spot warning signs and understand responsibility without panic.↗
73

Co-ownership and surveys: read before buying

The papers that reveal fees, disputes, approved works, energy performance and building risks.↗
74

French finance: banks, markets and the CAC 40

How Paris connects major companies, banks, investors and household savings.↗
75

SMEs and entrepreneurship in France

The business fabric connecting industry, services, regions and innovation.↗
76

Agriculture and winegrowing

Land, quality, exports and climate challenges.↗
77

Foreign investment in France: rules and support

What is open, what may be screened and which support routes to prepare.↗
78

High-potential sectors

From established strengths to fast-changing markets.↗
79

France business incentives and funding

Tax credits, calls, regional aid and finance for investing in France.↗
80

Due diligence in France

Essential checks before an acquisition or setup.↗
81

Banks and finance

Build a banking relationship around credible numbers and planning.↗
82

SAS, SARL or sole trader

Compare legal forms without pretending one fits everyone.↗
83

Foreign entrepreneurs in France

Nationality, residence and activity determine the route.↗
84

Micro-enterprise in France

A simple regime that does not suit every project.↗
85

Business taxation

Understand the main tax families before modelling the project.↗
86

Hiring in France

From the first employee to recurring employer duties.↗
87

French Tech and start-ups

Ecosystems, funding and location choices for startups.↗
88

Buying as a non-resident

Extra issues to plan for when living outside France.↗
89

Property purchase costs

Calculate total cost, not just the asking price.↗
90

Mortgages in France

Build a coherent mortgage file, resident or non-resident.↗
91

Buy-to-let investment

Move from headline rent to realistic net yield.↗
92

Paris property

An expensive, highly local market best read street by street.↗
93

Cities for property investment

Compare demand, jobs, transport, prices and vacancy risk.↗
94

Energy ratings and renovation

Energy performance affects value, renovation and letting.↗
95

Commercial property in France

Understand use, lease, location and risk before buying.↗
96

EORI number

Why this identifier is essential outside the EU.↗
97

France customs duties and TARIC tariffs

Classify the product, prove origin and calculate value before pricing landed cost.↗
98

Import and export VAT

Understand VAT flows without confusing tax and duty.↗
99

Origin of goods

Origin is not always the country of shipment.↗
100

Incoterms and logistics

Allocate cost, risk and formalities without grey areas.↗
101

EU product compliance for the French market

Marking, technical files, French labelling and importer responsibility.↗
102

Trade within the European Union

Less customs does not mean no obligations.↗
103

France–UK trade after Brexit

Prepare trade with a country now outside the EU.↗
104

E-commerce and imports

Combine price, VAT, duties and seller responsibility in one model.↗
105

Exporting from France

Build durable exports from demand to payment.↗